The cutoff frequency is the minimum frequency that is required for the emission of electrons from a metallic surface, due to incident radiation . Below the cutoff frequency, the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect stops altogether.
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This geometric mean value is calculated as being ƒr 2 = ƒ (UPPER) x ƒ (LOWER). A band pass filter is regarded as a second-order (two-pole) type filter because it has “two” reactive components within its circuit structure, then the phase angle will be twice that of the previously seen first-order filters, ie, 180o.
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