In the decentralized ecosystem, a Layer-1 network refers to a blockchain, while a Layer-2 protocol is a third-party integration that can be used in conjunction with a Layer-1 blockchain . Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum, for example, are Layer-1 blockchains.
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Layer 3 Blockchain Layer 3 is represented by blockchain-based applications, such as decentralized finance (DeFi) apps, games, or distributed storage apps . Many of these applications also have cross-chain functionality, helping users access various blockchain platforms via a single app.
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