In the decentralized ecosystem, a Layer-1 network refers to a blockchain, while a Layer-2 protocol is a third-party integration that can be used in conjunction with a Layer-1 blockchain . Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum, for example, are Layer-1 blockchains.
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A Layer 1 blockchain is a set of solutions that improve the base protocol itself to make the overall system a lot more scalable . The two approaches proposed for implementing Layer 1 solutions include the consensus protocol and sharding.12 Ara 2021
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