How is signal rate calculated?

Note 3: The data signaling rate (DSR) in a cable is given by the relation DSR = Σ(log) 2n)/T i summed from i = 1 to i = m where DSR is the data signaling rate, m is the number of parallel channels in the cable, n i is the number of significant conditions of the modulation in the i-th channel, and T i is the unit …

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What is frequency and symbol rate?

In digital modulation, the Symbol Rate determines the rate (frequency) at which symbols occur . A symbol may consist of one or more bits as determined by the modulation format. For example, in a BPSK. system, each symbol represents 1 bit; in a QPSKQuadrature phase shift keying system, each symbol represents 2 bits.

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Why bandwidth is calculated?

Network bandwidth is a measurement indicating the maximum capacity of a wired or wireless communications link to transmit data over a network connection in a given amount of time . Typically, bandwidth is represented in the number of bits, kilobits, megabits or gigabits that can be transmitted in 1 second.

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What is Q factor formula?

The Q factor of the pMUT can be determined by the real part of the impedance frequency spectrum, which is defined as Q = f r/Δf , where the resonance frequency fr is the frequency at which the real part of the impedance reaches its maximum, Δf is the width of the peak at its half height, so-called 3 dB bandwidth.

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What is bandwidth and its formula?

The bandwidth of a signal is defined as the difference between the upper and lower frequencies of a signal generated . As seen from the above representation, Bandwidth (B) of the signal is equal to the difference between the higher or upper-frequency (fH) and the lower frequency (fL).

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