How is bandwidth calculated?

The required bandwidth is related to bit rate and the modulation order M. It is so that the double sided bandwidth w = symbol rate= bit rate rb/ divided by the number of bit per symbol n . The number of bits per symbol is = log 2M with M is the M is the QAM modulation order.

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Is spectrum and bandwidth same?

The difference between spectrum and bandwidth is that spectrum refers to the ‘entirety’ while bandwidth is a ‘sub-section’ of the spectrum . Spectrum refers to the wholesome of the quantity while bandwidth, on the other hand, is a portion of the entire spectrum. Bandwidth is a sub-section of a portion of spectrum.23 Haz 2021

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